>> Wednesday, September 3, 2014


India has a very rich flora .Out of 70 % geographical area surveyed so far 47,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical survey of India  , 35 % is covered by endemic species and has not been reported to be found anywhere else in the world ! One can think , how much important is the floral distribution in India in the view point of the rare found species in the whole world .Indian forests ranges from high altitude  dry alpine vegetation of the Himalayas  in the north to the evergreen tropical rain forests in  the Western Ghats, and the north-eastern states and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Between the two extremes, the country has semi-evergreen rain forests, deciduous monsoon forests, thorn forests .The lower montane zone of  and temperate zone of Himalyas is covered by subtropical pine forests .

The typical flora and its distribution in India is based upon the environmental topology in various regions of India .On its basis India has been divided into eight floristic regions .

1.Western Himalyas 
2.Eastern Himalyas 
3.Assam 
4.Indus Plains 
5.Gangatic plains 
6.The Deccan
7.The Malabar
8.The Andmans 

Western Himalyan Region -

It has been divided into two zones :

Temperate 
Alpine 

Temperate zone extends from kashmir to kumaon.Its characteristic trees are Chir pine ,conifers ,broad leaved temperate trees .Higher regions in temeprate zone is charaterized by the forests of Deodar , Blue Pine, Spruce and Silver fir .


  

Chir Pine                                      Conifers


  

Deodar                                                   Blue Pine 



 

Spruce                                      Silver Fir 


Alpine zone extends from the upper limit of temperate zone of about 4,750 meters or above .Its characteristic trees are silver birch ,silver fir and junipers .

 

Silver birch                                                                   Juniper 


Eastern himalayan Region -

Extends eastwards from Sikkim .It's temperate zone has the characteristic forests of Oaks ,Laureals ,Maples ,Rhododendrons ,alder and Birch .Conifers ,Junipers and dwarf willows also occur here .



 


Oak forest                                                    Laureal Forest 

 

Maple                                                 Rhododendron Forest

 


Alder Forest                                                Dwarf Willows 



Assam Region -

This region comprises Brahmaputra and the Surma valleys .The tropical vegetation of north-east India includes the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh. These lie at elevations up to 900 m from sea level. It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forests, moist deciduous monsoon forests, riparian forests, swamps and grasslands. Evergreen rain forests are found in the Assam Valley .Occasional thick clump of bamboos and tall grasses are found here. The foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur where the rain fall exceeds 2300 mm per annum. In the Assam Valley the giantDipterocarpus macrocarpus and Shorea assamica occur singly, occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 m and a height of up to 50 m. The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal Shorea robusta forests, which occur widely in this region .

 

Evergreen Forest in Assam                                              Bamboo Forest 


 Characteristic Tall Grasses Of Assam



Indus plain region -

It comprises the plains of Punjab western Rajasthan and nothern Gujrat .It is dry and hot and supports natural vegetation .The Indus Plain, with its low rainfall ,has a scanty vegetation that ends in the deserts reaching upto Rajasthan  .These regions are characterised by the Tropical moist deciduous forests are interspersed with tropical dry deciduous trees . Trees like Sal (Shorea robusta), Teak (Tectona grandis), Semul (Bombax ceiba), laurel, rosewood, mahua (Madhuca indica), amla (Emblica officinalis), khair (Acacia catechu), common bamboo, widely grows there.



 

Teak Forest 


Sal Forest 


  

Acacia                                                               Mahua 



 


Semal Tree                                                            Rosewood               


The Gangetic plain -

It covers the area which is alluvial plain and is under cultivation for wheat  in the west ,sugarcane and rice in the east .Other important crops of the region are Pulses, sorghum, oilseeds, and sugarcane, maize and cotton.The orchards of mango ,guava and citrus fruits are common. Being rich in silt content the soil of  Terai region is very much suitable for farming.

 

                                                                Mango Orchard                 

                                             

The Deccan region -

Comprises the entire tableland of the Indian peninsula .It supports vegetation of various kinds from scrub jungles to mixed deceduous forests .The malabal region covers the excessively humid belt of mountain country parallel to the west coast of the peninsula .Besides being rich in forest vegetation ,this region produces importatnt commercial crops such as coconut ,bettle nut, pepper ,coffee and tea ,rubber and cashew nut .

The Western Ghats Monsoon forests occur both on the western (coastal) margins of the ghats and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall.  These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance (e.g. Indian rosewood Dalbergia latifolia, Malabar Kino Pterocarpus marsupium, teak and Terminalia spp.or Indian Laurels.In the rain forests there is an enormous number of tree species.  Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south-west India.

 

Laurel                                                      Malabar kino 



The Andman Region -

The andman region is chracterised by evergreen ,mangroove ,beach and deluvia forests .The Andamans and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rain forests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon moist monsoon forests .The tropical evergreen rain forest is only slightly less grand in stature and rich in species than on the mainland. The dominant species is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas, while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by Pterocarpus dalbergioides and Terminalia spp.

    

Mangroove Forest of Andman and  Nicobar Islands                      Diptherocarpus 


Pterocarpus 





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